Urban environment and ADHD risk during childhood: A case-control study.

The rapidly urbanizing world has contributed to the modification of the urban environment exposures, hindering opportunities to contact nature. Recent research has pointed toward a link between exposure to natural environments and improved mental health in infancy (Davis et al., 2021, Barger et al., 2021, Fyfe-Johnson et al., 2021, Luque-García et al., 2022). Although ADHD is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders in children (Thomas et al., 2015), there are not enough studies investigating the link between urban environmental exposures and ADHD. Researchers have made substantial advances in disentangling the genetics behind ADHD (Faraone and Larsson, 2019, Faraone et al., 2021, Thapar, 2018), yet most findings on environmental factors have been inconsistent (Kim et al., 2020).