BRADFORD, UK – Harmful levels of indoor air pollution have been discovered in UK homes, with families from deprived areas and ethnic minority backgrounds facing the highest levels of exposure, according to a new study from the INGENIOUS research programme.
High concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were discovered by research experts in the homes of 309 families participating in the long-term Born in Bradford health study – with recommended World Health Organisation guidelines exceeded on 41% of all monitored days.
The study, using data from one of the largest and most detailed indoor air quality investigations to take place in the UK, reveals that air pollutant concentrations in homes may have an impact on a series of potentially devastating health conditions and illnesses.
PM2.5 is regarded as a major contributor to premature deaths worldwide and is linked to a wide range of serious health concerns, such as the increased risk of cardiovascular disease such as heart attacks, strokes, respiratory disease such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and potentially dementia and diabetes.
The new research has further highlighted the need for prompt policy action, with the INGENIOUS team now urging the government to fully address what is a frequently overlooked health risk.
A consortium of partner universities and institutions led by the University of York, the group includes representatives from the universities of Cambridge, Manchester and Sheffield, as well as Stockholm Environment Institute and Born in Bradford. It also has support from UK Research and Innovation.
The group wants to see a national public awareness campaign to promote the adoption of cleaner air measures and technologies, while also addressing the underlying socioeconomic inequalities that can contribute to high indoor air pollution.
Born in Bradford Principal Research Fellow Rachael Cheung, who co-authored the paper, said: “Our research indicates that indoor air quality isn’t as good as we might hope, and that it affects some communities more than others. Since people tend to spend most of their time indoors, this could pose a serious, yet often overlooked, health risk.”
INGENIOUS Project Lead, Prof Nicola Carslaw from the University of York, explains: “This research highlights disparities in exposure to common indoor air pollutants. It highlights the need for a more holistic approach to developing policies that mitigate exposure to air pollution. We must develop policies that address air pollution from all angles, both inside and outside our homes, to better protect all households.”
Born in Bradford Director, Professor Rosie McEachan explains: “The levels of pollution that families are exposed to every day indoors are alarming. Pollution is a major cause of respiratory illness in the UK, and our findings suggest that if we can clean up the air inside our homes, we can dramatically improve the health of families.”
Key findings
The study, published in BMC Public Health, found the following key findings:
- Differences in PM5 levels between ethnic groups, with South Asian homes found to have higher daily average concentrations than homes of White British and other ethnic groups.
- Homes located in more deprived regions had a higher daily average PM5 concentration than those in less deprived regions within the city.
- Higher PM5 levels were discovered in rented homes compared to owned homes.
- Levels of PM5 were also higher in households where the residents smoked, where the homes were either terraced or semi-detached, and in homes with a gas stove.
About the study
The study, titled ‘Inequalities and indoor air pollution: A prospective observational study of particulate matter (PM2.5) levels in 309 UK homes from the Born in Bradford cohort study’, is part of the INGENIOUS (Understanding the sources, transformations and fates of indoor air pollutants) project. INGENIOUS aims to help us better understand how the composition and concentration of indoor air pollutants vary and how this exposure affects people in their homes, with a focus on homes in the city of Bradford.
Other members of the research team include Lia Chatzidiakou at the University of Cambridge, Tiffany C. Yang from Born in Bradford, Simon P. O’Meara, Gordon McFiggans, and Yunqi Shao at the University of Manchester, Denisa Genes and Chantelle Wood from the University of Sheffield, and Yunqi Shao, Athina Ruangkani, Thomas Warburton, Ashish Kumar, Sri Hapsari Budisulistiorini, Jacqueline F. Hamilton, and David Shaw from the University of York. Full details of the newly published findings can be found here. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-025-25182-x
